Wednesday, December 28, 2011

You Can See At Night!

!±8± You Can See At Night!

The first thing you probably think of when you see the words night vision is a spy or action movie you've seen, in which someone straps on a pair of night-vision goggles to find someone else in a dark building on a moonless night. And you may have wondered "Do those things really work? Can you actually see in the dark?"

The answer is most definitely yes. With the proper night-vision equipment, you can see a person standing over 200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night! Night Vision can work in two very different ways, depending on the technology used.

Image enhancement - This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light, including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.

Thermal imaging - This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects like trees or buildings.
In this article, you will learn about the two major night-vision technologies. We'll also discuss the various types of nightvision equipment and applications. But first, let's talk about infrared light.

The Basics

In order to understand night vision, it is important to understand something about light. The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.

Infrared light is a small part of the light spectrum.

Infrared light can be split into three categories:

Near-infrared (near-IR) - Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that range from 0.7 to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) - Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns. Both near-IR and mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including remote controls.
Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR) - Occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum, thermal-IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30 microns.
The key difference between thermal-IR and the other two is that thermal-IR is emitted by an object instead of reflected off it. Infrared light is emitted by an object because of what is happening at the atomic level.

Atoms

Atoms are constantly in motion. They continuously vibrate, move and rotate. Even the atoms that make up the chairs that we sit in are moving around. Solids are actually in motion! Atoms can be in different states of excitation. In other words, they can have different energies. If we apply a lot of energy to an atom, it can leave what is called the ground-state energy level and move to an excited level. The level of excitation depends on the amount of energy applied to the atom via heat, light or electricity.

An atom consists of a nucleus (containing the protons and neutrons) and an electron cloud. Think of the electrons in this cloud as circling the nucleus in many different orbits. Although more modern views of the atom do not depict discrete orbits for the electrons, it can be useful to think of these orbits as the different energy levels of the atom. In other words, if we apply some heat to an atom, we might expect that some of the electrons in the lower energy orbitals would transition to higher energy orbitals, moving farther from the nucleus.

Once an electron moves to a higher-energy orbit, it eventually wants to return to the ground state. When it does, it releases its energy as a photon -- a particle of light. You see atoms releasing energy as photons all the time. For example, when the heating element in a toaster turns bright red, the red color is caused by atoms excited by heat, releasing red photons. An excited electron has more energy than a relaxed electron, and just as the electron absorbed some amount of energy to reach this excited level, it can release this energy to return to the ground state. This emitted energy is in the form of photons (light energy). The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that depends on the state of the electron's energy when the photon is released.

Anything that is alive uses energy, and so do many inanimate items such as engines and rockets. Energy consumption generates heat. In turn, heat causes the atoms in an object to fire off photons in the thermal-infrared spectrum. The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of the infrared photon it releases. An object that is very hot will even begin to emit photons in the visible spectrum, glowing red and then moving up through orange, yellow, blue and eventually white.

In night vision, thermal imaging takes advantage of this infrared emission. In the next section, we'll see just how it does this.

Thermal Imaging

Here's how thermal imaging works:

A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.
The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram. It only takes about one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to obtain the temperature information to make the thermogram. This information is obtained from several thousand points in the field of view of the detector array.

The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses.
The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated chip that translates the information from the elements into data for the display.

The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears as various colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

Types of Thermal Imaging Devices

Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C), and can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).

There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices:

Un-cooled - This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.
Cryogenically cooled - More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C). The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements. Cryogenically-cooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1 C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at that distance!
While thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute darkness, most night-vision equipment uses image-enhancement technology, which you will learn about in the next section.

Image Enhancement

Image-enhancement technology is what most people think of when you talk about night vision. In fact, image-enhancement systems are normally called night-vision devices (NVDs). NVDs rely on a special tube, called an image-intensifier tube, to collect and amplify infrared and visible light.

Here's how image enhancement works:

A conventional lens, called the objective lens, captures ambient light and some near-infrared light.
The gathered light is sent to the image-intensifier tube. In most NVDs, the power supply for the image-intensifier tube receives power from two N-Cell or two "AA" batteries. The tube outputs a high voltage, about 5,000 volts, to the image-tube components. The image-intensifier tube has a photocathode, which is used to convert the photons of light energy into electrons.

As the electrons pass through the tube, similar electrons are released from atoms in the tube, multiplying the original number of electrons by a factor of thousands through the use of a microchannel plate (MCP) in the tube. An MCP is a tiny, glass disc that has millions of microscopic holes (microchannels) in it, made using fiber-optic technology. The MCP is contained in a vacuum and has metal electrodes on either side of the disc. Each channel is about 45 times longer than it is wide, and it works as an electron multiplier.

When the electrons from the photo cathode hit the first electrode of the MCP, they are accelerated into the glass microchannels by the 5,000-V bursts being sent between the electrode pair. As electrons pass through the microchannels, they cause thousands of other electrons to be released in each channel using a process called cascaded secondary emission. Basically, the original electrons collide with the side of the channel, exciting atoms and causing other electrons to be released. These new electrons also collide with other atoms, creating a chain reaction that results in thousands of electrons leaving the channel where only a few entered. An interesting fact is that the microchannels in the MCP are created at a slight angle (about a 5-degree to 8-degree bias) to encourage electron collisions and reduce both ion and direct-light feedback from the phosphors on the output side.

At the end of the image-intensifier tube, the electrons hit a screen coated with phosphors. These electrons maintain their position in relation to the channel they passed through, which provides a perfect image since the electrons stay in the same alignment as the original photons. The energy of the electrons causes the phosphors to reach an excited state and release photons. These phosphors create the green image on the screen that has come to characterize night vision.
The green phosphor image is viewed through another lens, called the ocular lens, which allows you to magnify and focus the image. The NVD may be connected to an electronic display, such as a monitor, or the image may be viewed directly through the ocular lens.

Generations

NVDs have been around for more than 40 years. They are categorized by generation. Each substantial change in NVD technology establishes a new generation.
Generation 0 - The original night-vision system created by the United States Army and used in World War II and the Korean War, these NVDs use active infrared. This means that a projection unit, called an IR Illuminator, is attached to the NVD. The unit projects a beam of near-infrared light, similar to the beam of a normal flashlight. Invisible to the naked eye, this beam reflects off objects and bounces back to the lens of the NVD. These systems use an anode in conjunction with the cathode to accelerate the electrons. The problem with that approach is that the acceleration of the electrons distorts the image and greatly decreases the life of the tube. Another major problem with this technology in its original military use was that it was quickly duplicated by hostile nations, which allowed enemy soldiers to use their own NVDs to see the infrared beam projected by the device.

Generation 1 - The next generation of NVDs moved away from active infrared, using passive infrared instead. Once dubbed Starlight by the U.S. Army, these NVDs use ambient light provided by the moon and stars to augment the normal amounts of reflected infrared in the environment. This means that they did not require a source of projected infrared light. This also means that they do not work very well on cloudy or moonless nights. Generation-1 NVDs use the same image-intensifier tube technology as Generation 0, with both cathode and anode, so image distortion and short tube life are still a problem.

Generation 2 - Major improvements in image-intensifier tubes resulted in Generation-2 NVDs. They offer improved resolution and performance over Generation-1 devices, and are considerably more reliable. The biggest gain in Generation 2 is the ability to see in extremely low light conditions, such as a moonless night. This increased sensitivity is due to the addition of the microchannel plate to the image-intensifier tube. Since the MCP actually increases the number of electrons instead of just accelerating the original ones, the images are significantly less distorted and brighter than earlier-generation NVDs.

Generation 3 - Generation 3 is currently used by the U.S. military. While there are no substantial changes in the underlying technology from Generation 2, these NVDs have even better resolution and sensitivity. This is because the photo cathode is made using gallium arsenide, which is very efficient at converting photons to electrons. Additionally, the MCP is coated with an ion barrier, which dramatically increases the life of the tube.
Generation 4 - What is generally known as Generation 4 or "filmless and gated" technology shows significant overall improvement in both low- and high-level light environments.
The removal of the ion barrier from the MCP that was added in Generation 3 technology reduces the background noise and thereby enhances the signal to noise ratio. Removing the ion film actually allows more electrons to reach the amplification stage so that the images are significantly less distorted and brighter.

The addition of an automatic gated power supply system allows the photocathode voltage to switch on and off rapidly, thereby enabling the NVD to respond to a fluctuation in lighting conditions in an instant. This capability is a critical advance in NVD systems, in that it allows the NVD user to quickly move from high-light to low-light (or from low-light to high-light) environments without any halting effects. For example, consider the ubiquitous movie scene where an agent using night vision goggles is "sightless" when someone turns on a light nearby. With the new, gated power feature, the change in lighting wouldn't have the same impact; the improved NVD would respond immediately to the lighting change.

Many of the so-called "bargain" night-vision scopes use Generation-0 or Generation-1 technology, and may be disappointing if you expect the sensitivity of the devices used by professionals. Generation-2, Generation-3 and Generation 4 NVDs are typically expensive to purchase, but they will last if properly cared for. Also, any NVD can benefit from the use of an IR Illuminator in very dark areas where there is almost no ambient light to collect.

A cool thing to note is that every single image-intensifier tube is put through rigorous tests to see if it meets the requirements set forth by the military. Tubes that do are classified as MILSPEC. Tubes that fail to meet military requirements in even a single category are classified as COMSPEC.
Equipment

Night-vision equipment can be split into three broad categories:

Scopes - Normally handheld or mounted on a weapon, scopes are monocular (one eye-piece). Since scopes are handheld, not worn like goggles, they are good for when you want to get a better look at a specific object and then return to normal viewing conditions.

Goggles - While goggles can be handheld, they are most often worn on the head. Goggles are binocular (two eye-pieces) and may have a single lens or stereo lens, depending on the model. Goggles are excellent for constant viewing, such as moving around in a dark building.
Cameras - Cameras with night-vision technology can send the image to a monitor for display or to a VCR for recording. When night-vision capability is desired in a permanent location, such as on a building or as part of the equipment in a helicopter cameras are used. Many of the newer camcorders have night vision built right in.

Applications

Common applications for night vision include:

Military

Law enforcement

Hunting

Wildlife observation

Surveillance

Security

Navigation

Hidden-object detection

Entertainment

The original purpose of night vision was to locate enemy targets at night. It is still used extensively by the military for that purpose, as well as for navigation, surveillance and targeting. Police and security often use both thermal-imaging and image-enhancement technology, particularly for surveillance. Hunters and nature enthusiasts use NVDs to maneuver through the woods at night.

Detectives and private investigators use night vision to watch people they are assigned to track. Many businesses have permanently-mounted cameras equipped with night vision to monitor the surroundings.

A really amazing ability of thermal-imaging is that it reveals whether an area has been disturbed -- it can show that the ground has been dug up to bury something, even if there is no obvious sign to the naked eye. Law enforcement has used this to discover items that have been hidden by criminals, including money, drugs and bodies. Also, recent changes to areas such as walls can be seen using thermal imaging, which has provided important clues in several cases.

The Night Vision Store is an authorized dealer of quality Night Vision and Thermal Imaging Equipment.


You Can See At Night!

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Sunday, December 25, 2011

Fury 40 Gallon Flammable Vapor Ignition Resistant Natural Gas Professional Series Water Heater

!±8± Fury 40 Gallon Flammable Vapor Ignition Resistant Natural Gas Professional Series Water Heater

Brand : Rheem | Rate : | Price :
Post Date : Dec 25, 2011 10:15:40 | Usually ships in 1-2 business days


RHGPRO4040F Features: -Natural gas professional series water heater. -Fury collection. -Tank capacity: 40 Gallons. -One-of-a-kind air/fuel shut-off device offers double protection. -Maintenance free. -Flammable vapor ignition resistant. -Low NOx design for low nitrous oxide emissions. -Everkleen patented system. -Reduces fuel costs. -Provides more hot water. -No matches required. -Includes brass drain valve. -Patented magnesium anode rod design ensures rust proof tank. -Includes temperature and pressure relief valve. -High altitude compliant. -ANSI standard. -National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) certified. Specifications: -Manufacturer provides eight years limited tank and parts warranty. -Overall dimensions: 63.25'' H x 21'' W x 21'' D. For more information on this product please view the Sheet(s) below: Specifications Sheet

More Specification..!!

Fury 40 Gallon Flammable Vapor Ignition Resistant Natural Gas Professional Series Water Heater

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Tuesday, December 20, 2011

Secretary Chu visits Googleplex

Energy Secretary Steve Chu visits the Googleplex to talk about how the US can build a prosperous economy powered by clean energy.

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Saturday, December 10, 2011

Create a Lemon Battery

Purchase: hilaroad.com Creating a battery from a lemon is a common project in many science text books. Successfully creating one of these devices is not easy. This video demonstrates how to construct and use a lemon battery to light an LED and operate a calculator. hilaroad.com

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Wednesday, December 7, 2011

Rheem 40G Low Nox Water Heater Short NG 22V40SFN

!±8±Rheem 40G Low Nox Water Heater Short NG 22V40SFN

Brand : Rheem
Rate :
Price :
Post Date : Dec 07, 2011 12:05:42
Usually ships in 1-2 business days



Rheem Fury Ultra Low Nox Gas Water Heater40 Gallon capacityShort modelOne-of-a-kind air/fuel shut-off device offers doubleprotectionMaintenance free – no filter to cleanUltra Low NOx radiant burner designStainless steel construction10 ng/J NOx emissionsEverKleen™ patented system fights sediment build-upReduces fuel costsProvides more hot waterNo matches requiredPatented magnesium anode rod design incorporates aspecial resistor that protects the tank from rustAll models are certified for applications up to 10,200feet above sea levelBrass drain valve and temperature and pressure reliefvalve are includedMeets or exceeds National Appliance EnergyConservation Act (NAECA) requirementsSpecifications

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Friday, December 2, 2011

Bosch GL4 Ariston 4-Gallon Point-of-Use Indoor Electric Mini-Tank Water Heater

!±8± Bosch GL4 Ariston 4-Gallon Point-of-Use Indoor Electric Mini-Tank Water Heater

Brand : Bosch | Rate : | Price : $169.00
Post Date : Dec 02, 2011 10:42:25 | Usually ships in 24 hours

The Ariston 4-gallon point-of-use electric mini-tank water heater eliminates the wait time for hot water to come from the sink faucet. You can install the heater independently or in-line with a larger water-heating source. You need no hard wiring to power your unit; simply plug it into any standard outlet and this heater's ready to go. The glass-lined tank ensures long life, and the superior insulation provides quick recovery and greater energy efficiency. This 120-volt, 1500-watt water heater weighs 17 pounds and measures 14-by-14 by-12-1/4 inches. Ariston backs its heater with a manufacturer's 6-year limited warranty for the heat exchanger and a 1-year limited warranty for parts.

  • Point-of-use 4-gallon mini-tank water heater
  • Provides instant hot water for your sink's faucet
  • No hard wiring needed, simply plug into an outlet; installs independently or with a larger water-heating source
  • 120 volts, 1500 watts
  • Measures 14-by-14-by-12-1/4 inches; weighs 17 pounds; 1-year limited parts warranty, 6-year limited heat exchanger warranty

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Tuesday, November 29, 2011

American Water Heater Bfg1f4040s3nov Natural Gas Flame Guard Water Heater 40 Gal

!±8± American Water Heater Bfg1f4040s3nov Natural Gas Flame Guard Water Heater 40 Gal

Brand : American Water Heater | Rate : | Price :
Post Date : Nov 29, 2011 09:57:59 | Usually ships in 6-10 business days

Aluminized steel multiport burner Combination thermostat/ECO Anode rod Code approvals Drain valve Piezo electric igniter. Heating Capacity: 40000 btu Dimensions: 52 1/4x20"

  • "AMERICAN WATER HEATER" WATER HEATER
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Friday, November 25, 2011

Hot sodium carbonate & aluminium antithesis gives afire gas

Following an attempt to clean silver using a hot solution of sodium carbonate and aluminium foil as an anode, I noticed aluminium is aggressively attacked, apparently releasing hydrogen gas, even when not in contact with silver. A reaction I didn't expect.

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Wednesday, November 23, 2011

The Galvanizing Process

!±8± The Galvanizing Process

Galvanized bolts are just like any other bolt but they are reinforced with an electrochemical process called galvanization. This process makes a bolt stronger, able to withstand the harshest weather conditions, especially for bolts used in marine applications to avoid corrosion. Bolts are electrodeposited with a thin layer of an alloy made from steel to prevent rusting. Some bolts of this type are applied with a protective metallic coating on their shafts; these bolts are called hot dip galvanized. The only difference is that these bolts do not undergo the same electrochemical disposition that a regular galvanized bolt undergoes.

Galvanized bolts as the name implies are made through the process of galvanization. This term originally refers to the administration of electric shocks in the 19th century. It was Luigi Galvani's idea, hence the name, to affect matter by electric shock which was later used in psychiatry through ECT. The term was later on used to refer to electrodeposition which is what happens during galvanization, or simply, zinc coating. So bolts are protected by a coating of steel alloy or iron with zinc. This is primarily done to avoid galvanic corrosion, or simply rusting of the bolt.

So galvanized bolts are simply bolts that are metal protected to resist corrosion through zinc. Zinc is usually consumed by rust first as a sacrificial anode so it does not get to the exposed steel of the bolt. Simply painting a bolt with zinc is useless if not galvanized. The reason is because hot zinc coating produces a thicker, much durable coating that a simple paint coating does not achieve. Electroplating on the other hand only produces a thin layer of zinc which makes a bolt nice and shiny. Bolts which are hot dip galvanized tend to have a grayer surface.

Therefore electroplating is not as effective as it gets quickly consumed by rust, making it unsuitable for outdoor use. Electroplated nails are good examples of these. Hot dip galvanized bolts on the other hand are best suited for outdoor applications. Electroplating though is common among nails and bolts as they are much cheaper to do and manufacture, and does provide some level of resistance to rust if not used outdoors. Add to the fact that these bolts look nice and shiny when new so most people tend to use them for their home needs. Hot dip galvanized bolts also have some downsides.

They normally use up too much of the bolts' threads which in turn reduces strength for fastening, and are therefore not advisable for use in bikes, cars and other similar mechanical equipments. Another reason why some people prefer electroplated bolts as opposed to galvanized bolts is because the former blends well with steel so they are virtually indistinguishable. These types of bolts are slightly attracted to magnets. So galvanized bolts owe their reinforcement to zinc coatings. Zinc coatings prevent corrosion by forming a barrier for the bolts. Zinc reacts to the atmosphere, creating zinc oxide which further protects these types of bolts.


The Galvanizing Process

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Monday, November 21, 2011

American Water Heaters BFG61-40T40-3NOV Natural Gas Residential Water Heater, 40 Gallon

!±8± American Water Heaters BFG61-40T40-3NOV Natural Gas Residential Water Heater, 40 Gallon

Brand : American Water Heaters | Rate : | Price : $437.18
Post Date : Nov 21, 2011 05:50:58 | Usually ships in 1 to 2 days

American PROline with Flameguard Safety System40 Gallon Tall Residential Natural GasReduces the risk of accidental fires involving flammable vapors from products such as gasoline, paint thinner, solvents, etc.40,000 BTUNon-CFC Polyurethane Foam to prevent heat loss & reduce energy costs Piezo Electric Igniter for easy start-up Fused Ceramic Shield Tank for anti-corrosion protection Factory Installed Side Temperature & Pressure Valve Aluminized Steel Multi-Port Burner for long life in natural gas and propane units Extra Heavy Duty Anode Rod Combination Thermostat/Energy Cut-Off Tested and listed with CSA International in accordance with the latest addition of ANSI Z21.10.1 or .3-CSA 4.1 or 4.3, CEC and 1990 NAECA approved. All models are certified at 300 PSI test pressure and 150 PSI working pressure Tested in accordance with proposed ANSI flammable vapor ignition testWarranty: 6-year parts, 6-year laborSpecificationsNOTE: All water heaters of any type MUST be installed by a trained and licensed technician. Failure to do so may result in damage, injury or death. Warranties may be void if installed by non-licensed personnel. We will not be held liable for any damages, injury or death caused by proper or improper installation of hot water heaters. We will not be held liable for any local state, county or city code violations caused by the improper selection and/or installation of water heaters.

  • Non-CFC Polyurethane Foam to prevent heat loss and reduce energy costs
  • Piezo Electric Igniter for easy start-up
  • Fused Ceramic Shield Tank for anti-corrosion protection
  • Factory Installed Side Temperature and Pressure Valve
  • Combination Thermostat/Energy Cut-Off

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Saturday, November 19, 2011

hydrogen from water.AVI

This test has 5 plates of steel mesh with positive in the middle with negatives at each end and single neutral plates in between. Gas production is much better than with just 2 plates current is lower and it doesn't get as hot. The steel is galvanized which is a bad idea and I will be useing stainless next time, galvanized steel makes the water really mucky really fast. Plates should be washed in alchol and have a rough surface for best production.

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Sunday, November 6, 2011

The Most Durable Home Hot Water Heaters

!±8± The Most Durable Home Hot Water Heaters

Purchasing a new water heater is not the first choice of Saturday afternoon activities for most people. When you do it, you want to make sure that you won't have to do it again for quite a while. There are many choices when it comes to home hot water heaters and choosing a durable model is a top priority for all homeowners. Considering the following three factors will help you feel confident that you won't have to go water heater shopping again for many years.

1) Tank warranty. Corrosion of the tank is the number one reason water heaters have to be replaced. The most durable home hot water heaters will come with a minimum six year warranty on the tank itself. There have been tremendous advancements in corrosion resistance and you should make sure you purchase a model that has employed them.

2) Insulation. Keeping the hot water hot is the job of the insulation. Insulation ranked R-24 is available and considered high end. But many models use insulation rated as low as R-6. You want to make sure the model you choose uses an insulation rated a minimum or R-16. This will help to keep your water hot, but the higher the rating, the more durable the insulation is too.

3) Magnesium anode rod. This part is essential for durability of the tank, and the whole water heater. Having one can change a six year warranty into a twelve year warranty. If the model you purchase doesn't have one, you can easily install one yourself, after market.


The Most Durable Home Hot Water Heaters

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